On Grand Ambitious Theories

I'm a great admirer of grand, ambitious theories – simple, predictive, mechanistic explanations for the phenomena of otherwise complex systems.

With the same audacious spirit of the makers of such theory, I'll try to compile an incomplete list of the theories through most human knowledge.

Help me on my absurd quest. This is a working list. Propose me theories, or categories of human knowledge. Also, what the heck is emergence?